The following article details various grades of Dyneema in relation to our Leisure Marine Grand Prix Series. However, all the information here is equally applicable to other commercial and industrial applications.
The demands on high performance running rigging are becoming higher and Marlow’s Grand Prix Series offers core options using Dyneema, Vectran, and Zylon (PBO). Each has it’s own strengths and weaknesses, but Dyneema has become the “Gold Standard” for performance running rigging.
Dyneema is a UHMPE (Ultra High Modulus Polyethylene, also known as UHMWPE or Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) and is available in a number of different grades. All grades of Dyneema have excellent fatigue resistance (cyclic bending) and UV, chemical and abrasion resistance, but all have poor heat resistance due to a relatively low melting point (140○C). Dyneema offers by far the best strength to weight ratio of any material used in rope manufacture and is the material of choice for high performance cores. Marlow offer a range of Dyneema cores to suit application preferences as well as budget. However, with new grades of Dyneema being introduced and different treatments available, the decision as to which core is best can often be confusing.
DYNEEMA GRADES
SK99
The latest offering from DSM Dyneema launched in 2013. SK99 has 20% strength advantage over SK78 and crucially retains the same elongation and creep characteristics as SK78 – out-gunning SK90 on all levels! SK99 has an unmatched strength to weight ratio and has carved a niche for itself as the ultimate performance core material.
DM20
DM20 has slightly lower tenacity than SK78, but has one major advantage in that it exhibits virtually zero creep. Used mainly for static load applications such as standing rigging.
SK78
SK78 has become the standard grade used by Marlow and other reputable manufacturers. SK78 has the same strength as SK75 but offers significantly improved elongation and creep characteristics than it’s predecessor.
SK75
For many years the strongest Dyneema grade and the standard material that everybody understands. Thanks to new and improved grades, SK75 is being used less and less and is now not offered by Marlow in Leisure Marine. SK75 is still available in our Commercial division.
SK38
A lower grade of Dyneema now often used in economy products. Whilst cheaper, SK38 does not have anywhere near the modulus, strength or low elongation properties of higher grades of Dyneema.
SK90
launched in 2009 and offered approximately 10% – 15% strength improvement over SK75/8. However, SK90 only has the same elongation and creep characteristics as SK75. Whilst still available, SK90 is now not specified by Marlow ropes due to the introduction of SK99.
PRE-STRETCHING
Another area of confusion can be heat-setting and pre-stretching. Every Marlow D12 Dyneema core is pre-stretched to reduce “bedding-in” elongation, limit the amount of elastic elongation and improve rope strength. Pre-stretching involves the application of heat during the process and is sometimes known as heat-setting, although simply applying heat does not have the same effect.
Marlow have been pre-stretching Dyneema cores for over 25 years and that experience means we know exactly how to improve a rope’s performance without compromising flexibility or damaging the fibre. Marlow’s MAX Technology takes pre-stretching to a new level by using a precisely controlled process to take Dyneema to the limits of heat and load during the Pre-Stretching process – it could be called “Super Pre-Stretching”.
D12 MAX ropes were introduced to offer the ultimate in strength realization from Dyneema and to virtually eliminate elastic and “bedding-in” elongation. D12 MAX ropes are stronger size for size than standard D12 – the MAX process packs more Dyneema into the same diameter, hence the extra strength. However, D12 MAX ropes are stiffer and harder than the standard pre-stretched D12 ropes.
ELONGATION
The graphs show the relative elongation of Dyneema SK78 and SK99 to Vectran and Zylon (PBO). When elongation is measured as a % of break load (fig. 1), it is shown that whilst PBO offers the lowest elongation followed by Dyneema in D12 MAX and then D12, there is no differential between SK78 and SK99. However, when elongation is measured at a given load (for example 4,000kg), which is more relevant to specifying rope for on board applications (fig.2), the advantages of SK99 over SK78 in terms of elongation are clear. This is because the rope is working at a lower percentage of its breakload.
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- Fig.1
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- Fig.2
CREEP
Dyneema exhibits creep, and is important to understand how this affects a rope’s elongation characteristics. Creep can often have a negative effect on a rope’s performance and strength, when ropes are subjected to high loads for extended periods. The extension over time graph (Fig. 3) shows how Dyneema ropes behave over a period of time.
- Initial loading will result in elastic extension. This is immediate upon loading and is immediately recoverable upon release of the load (elastic contraction)
- After the elastic extension of the initial loading, the rope will experience what is known as viscoelastic extension. This is further extension over time and is fairly limited. Unlike elastic stretch, the viscoelastic stretch will only recover slowly over time once the load is released.
- Finally there is creep, which is permanent, non-recoverable and time-dependent. Creep occurs at the yarn molecular level when the rope is under constant load.
- Once the load is released and elastic and viscoelastic extension recovered, the rope will ultimately have experienced an element of permanent extension. This is a factor of both creep and “bedding in”, which is when individual fibre components in the rope and/or splice settle into their preferred position when under load.
Marlow leads the market performance yachting rope technology. Our Grand Prix Series offer performance benefits and a competitive edge…….. and is specified by winners!
